Training Guide for Fixed-Wing Ultralights

Safety Information for

Instructors and Students

Introduction

Ultralight aviation in the United States is the most unencumbered opportunity for solo flight in the world.

Tremendous freedoms are given to ultralight pilots. However, at the same time there are strict limitations

that must be followed. With this freedom, however, come responsibilities to ensure the safety of other

individuals in the airspace as well as on the ground.

In 1982 the FAA issued Federal Aviation Regulation Part 103, Ultralight Vehicles. With this regulation,

the FAA chose to identify ultralights as vehicles and not aircraft. Because they are vehicles and not

aircraft, this regulation allows individuals to operate ultralight vehicles without requiring FAA pilot or

vehicle certification.

Upon publishing Part 103 the FAA said it did not wish to issue pilot certificates for ultralight operators.

Instead, the FAA said individuals who want to fly ultralights should participate in industry-established

self-regulation and training programs. Since 1983 EAA has maintained programs to support Part 103 and

has held an exemption to Part 103 that allowed the operation of 2-place ultralight training vehicles by

authorized ultralight flight instructors.

In 2004, the FAA passed the sport pilot & light-sport aircraft regulations. One specific purpose of this

new rule was to transition 2-place ultralight training vehicles to experimental light-sport aircraft. As a

result, after the training exemption expires on 1/31/08 there will no longer be a way to fly a 2-place

ultralight to train ultralight pilots. The FAA has said they intend ultralight pilot training to be conducted

in N-numbered aircraft by FAA flight instructors.

The EAA Ultralight & Light-Sport Aircraft Council has developed this information guide for those

individuals interested in ultralight flight training, FAA certified flight instructors (CFI), student ultralight

pilots, or pilots transitioning to ultralights from other aircraft. This guide sets forth recommendations to

students and flight instructors who wish to learn and train to fly ultralight vehicles under the rules of Part

103.

Information contained in this work has been obtained by the Experimental Aircraft Association from

sources believed to be reliable. However, neither the Experimental Aircraft Association nor its authors

and editors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither the

Experimental Aircraft Association nor its authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors,

omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the

understanding that the Experimental Aircraft Association and its authors and editors are supplying

information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services

are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

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Table of Contents Page

Message to Students……………………………………………………………………………...….....3

Finding a Flight Instructor……………………………………………………………………………...3

Message to Flight Instructors……………………………………………………………...………..….3

Ultralight Pilot Training……………………………………………………………………………......4

Flight Training Standards………………………………………………………………...…....4

Flight Test………………………………………………………..………….………………...4

Oral Test……………………………………………………………...………….………….....5

Written Test……………………………………………………………………………………5

EAA Ultralight Programs…………………………………………………………………………...….5

EAA Membership………………………………………………………………………………………5

Ultralight Vehicles Regulation (FAR Part 103)…………………………………………...………...…6

Recommended Fixed-Wing Flight Training Standards

I. Preflight Preparation………………………………………………………………………...8

II. Preflight Procedures……………………………………………………………..………....10

III. Airport and Seaplane Base Operations…………………………………………...…….…10

IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds……………………………………………………..11

V. Performance Maneuver………………………………………………………....……….…14

VI. Ground Reference Maneuvers……………………………………………………………..14

VII. Navigation……………………………………………………………………………...…15

VIII. Slow Flight and Stalls…………………………………………………………………....15

IX. Emergency Operations………………………………………………………………….…16

X. Postflight Procedures…………………………………………………………………….....17

Recommended Fixed-Wing Written Test……………………………………….………...…………....18

Additional References……………………………………………………………………...…………..22

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Message to Students

Flying an ultralight is an enjoyable and rewarding experience. There is nothing quite like the freedom of

flying in the open air and soaring like a bird as the countryside slowly unfolds below you. EAA highly

recommends that if an enthusiast wants to fly an ultralight that he/she receives flight instruction from a

competent person. Flying ultralights has proven to be a safe recreational aviation activity when done in

accordance with recommended safety practices. The most important recommendation EAA can make to

a new student is to find a qualified flight instructor and obtain dual flight instruction in a 2-place aircraft.

Enclosed in this booklet the student will find many recommendations to safely learn and participate in

ultralight aviation. For his/her benefit and safety, please consider taking the time to become familiar with

the information in this booklet and proficient to the recommended flight training standards that are

enclosed.

EAA recommends that existing pilots transitioning to ultralights from heavier aircraft also would benefit

from transition training. There are some significantly different flight characteristics between larger,

heavier aircraft and the very lightweight, high-drag, low-inertia, slow-flying ultralight aircraft that

existing pilots should become familiar with.

A valuable source of information is other ultralight pilots. Find pilots flying the same type ultralight you

want to fly, ask questions, and learn. The EAA Flight Advisor program has individuals experienced in

test flying homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.

Although the FAA does not require flight training to fly an ultralight, flight training is an investment in

the student’s knowledge and ability. Trying to fly without proper instruction could be disastrous!

Finding a Flight Instructor

One of the more important yet challenging aspects of learning to fly an ultralight is to find a flight

instructor who has the desire to provide flight instruction for an ultralight student pilot. As a student, look

for a flight instructor who has an aircraft available for the flight training. The aircraft should ideally have

ultralight-like flight characteristics and the flight instructor should have a good understanding of ultralight

vehicle flight characteristics.

Here are a few suggestions to locate a flight instructor:

• EAA’s online directory of sport pilot flight instructors, www.sportpilot.org/instructors

• National Association of Flight Instructors (NAFI), www.nafinet.org/directory/flight_lookup.html

• Local EAA chapter network, www.eaa.org/chapters/locator/

• Ultralight manufacturer’s dealer network

• Visit local airport and ask around

• Other ultralight pilots

Message to Flight Instructors

FAA certified flight instructors (CFI) are a key link in ultralight pilot flight training. EAA encourages

any CFI to become familiar with the flight characteristics of ultralight vehicles and make themselves

available to potential new students seeking training to safely learn to fly an ultralight vehicle.

The FAA has no ultralight pilot or vehicle certification requirements. As a result there are many ultralight

pilots over the years that either trained themselves or had very minimal training. While some pilots have

succeeded in this manner, EAA strongly discourages it. This guide sets forth recommendations for both

students and instructors in order to assure the training and knowledge necessary for flying an ultralight

safely.

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EAA is recommending that ultralight pilots be trained to a standard similar to a sport pilot. However, the

instructor must consider the type of ultralight the student will fly and the type of environment they will be

flying in and adjust the training so it is relevant. For the convenience of the flight instructor and the

student, this booklet contains a slightly modified reprint of the FAA sport pilot practical test standards.

We have used these as the recommended ultralight pilot flight training standards.

The following steps will help guide the instructor through the recommended process to train an ultralight

student:

• Have the student register with EAA as a ultralight student, complete the online form located at

the following web site, www.eaa.org/ultralights/forms

• Provide relevant flight and ground training to the student

• If student wants to complete ultralight pilot registration with EAA then:

o Ensure you have given 10 hours flight training, and the student has passed the

recommend written test, oral test, and flight test.

o Have the student complete the online pilot registration. Forms available online at:

www.eaa.org/ultralights/forms.

Ultralight Pilot Training

EAA recommends that people who want to learn to fly an ultralight should seek qualified flight

instructors teaching in aircraft that exhibit ultralight-like flight characteristics. FAA flight instructors are

authorized by the FAA to provide flight instruction for FAA pilot certificates. To fly an ultralight under

the rules of Part 103 no FAA pilot certificate is required. However, to safely fly an ultralight it is critical

that people get the appropriate level of training from a qualified person.

EAA recommends that the student and flight instructor determine the suitability of a particular aircraft for

use as a training aircraft. Further, it is important that the flight instructor be able to explain the

differences in flight characteristics between the training aircraft and the ultralight vehicle to be flown.

Many fixed-wing ultralights found today are conventional 3-axis designs, and many different types of 3-

axis light aircraft could be suitable for dual flight training.

Flight Training Standards

EAA recommends that flight instructors train ultralight pilots in accordance with the FAA sport pilot

practical test standards (PTS). A slightly modified copy of the sport pilot PTS is reprinted in this booklet.

Flight instructors should tailor their flight-training program to suit the student and the type of ultralight

vehicle the student will fly. For example there may be some tasks that should not be trained because it

would not be relevant to the type of ultralight flying the student will do.

Ultralight pilot training standards previously published by EAA, United States Ultralight Association

(USUA), and Aero Sports Connection (ASC) are also suitable standards and recommended by EAA.

The ultimate goal with the flight training should be to prepare the student to successfully and safely fly

his/her ultralight vehicle. Instructors should tailor a flight-training program for each student with this

ultimate goal in mind.

Flight Test

If the student wants to register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, then at the completion of the flight training

program the instructor should conduct a flight test with the student. The recommended flight-training test

standard in this guide should be used as the standard for conducting the test. EAA recommends that the

flight instructor test only those items that are appropriate to the type of ultralight the student will fly. For

example, there would be no need to test on any tasks related to the operation of a seaplane if the student

was planning to fly a land plane. To register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, a flight test is required.

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Oral Test

If the student wants to register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, then at the completion of the flight training

program the instructor should conduct an oral test with the student. The flight instructor should use his or

her own discretion on the extent and detail of the oral test. Ultralight pilot registration with EAA requires

that the instructor test the student’s knowledge through verbal discussion.

Written Test

If the student wants to register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, then at the completion of the flight training

program the instructor should administer a written test to the student. Included in this guide is a

recommended written test. The test is required for those who want to register as an EAA ultralight pilot.

The test represents an assortment of questions that would be useful for an ultralight pilot to know. A

passing score would be 70%.

EAA Ultralight Programs

The EAA Ultralight registration programs are maintained for the benefit of EAA members. EAA and

FAA highly recommend voluntary participation in these programs. By participating it enhances safety for

everyone involved in the sport and helps ensure the privileges of Part 103 for future ultralight enthusiasts.

Registration programs include: vehicle, student, and pilot registration. Registration can be completed

online at: EAA Ultralights web site, www.eaa.org/ultralights/forms or call EAA at 920-426-4821.

Student registration should be done at the start of any flight training. Student registration allows the

student to use time flown in an ultralight vehicle to count toward a FAA-issued sport pilot certificate, in

accordance with FAR 61.52.

Pilot registration can be done at the completion of the pilot training program. This shows that the student

has been trained and tested to a minimum standard. To register as an ultralight pilot EAA recommends a

minimum of 10 hours flight instruction, 3 hours supervised solo, and 25 takeoffs and landings and

successfully pass a written, oral, and flight test. Included in this booklet are the recommended written and

flight test standards. The oral test should be at the discretion of the flight instructor to determine the

student’s knowledge to safely fly an ultralight.

Vehicle registration should be done with all ultralight vehicles. EAA assigns a vehicle registration

number that begins with the letter “E”; an example is “E001AB.” Once the vehicle registration number is

assigned it can be placed on the vehicle and used to show you are complying with the self-regulation

intent of FAR Part 103. It also works great for radio communication purposes.

EAA Membership

EAA is a membership organization that has developed and administers ultralight self-regulation

programs. EAA members include ultralight, homebuilders, light plane, warbird, vintage, flight instructors

and aerobatic enthusiasts, and people who simply love aviation. If you are not already a member of EAA,

we ask that you consider joining to support EAA’s goals to preserve, promote, and protect recreational

aviation.

EAA is pleased to furnish this information booklet and hopes that it will benefit you. EAA encourages

and promotes safe and responsible ultralight flying activities.

EAA membership is $40 a year, which includes the EAA Sport Pilot & Light Sport Aircraft magazine.

Call 1-800-JOIN-EAA to become a member.

For Additional Information:

EAA Aviation Services, PO Box 3086, Oshkosh, WI 54903, 920-426-4821, www.eaa.org/ultralights

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FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION PART 103

ULTRALIGHT VEHICLES

SOURCE: Docket No. 21631, 47 FR 38776,

Sept. 2, 1982, unless otherwise noted.

SUBPART A - GENERAL

§103.1 Applicability.

This part prescribes rules governing the

operation of ultralight vehicles in the United

States. For the purposes of this part, an

ultralight vehicle is a vehicle that:

(a) is used or intended to be used for manned

operation in the air by a single occupant;

(b) Is used or intended to be used for recreation

or sport purposes only;

airworthiness certificate; and

(d) If unpowered, weighs less than 155 pounds;

(e) If powered:

(1) Weighs less than 254 pounds empty weight,

excluding floats and safety devices which are

intended for deployment in a potentially

catastrophic situation;

(2) Has a fuel capacity not exceeding 5 U5.

gallons;

(3) Is not capable of more than 55 knots

calibrated airspeed at full power in level flight;

and

(4) Has a power-off stall speed which does not

exceed 24 knots calibrated airspeed.

§103.3 Inspection requirements.

(a) Any person operating an ultralight vehicle

under this part shall upon request, allow the

Administrator or his designee, to inspect the

vehicle to determine the applicability of this

part.

(b) The pilot or operator of an ultralight must,

upon request of the Administrator, furnish

satisfactory evidence that the vehicle is subject

only to the provisions of this part.

§103.5 Waivers.

No person may conduct operations that require a

deviation from this part except under a written

waiver issued by the Administrator.

§103.7 Certification and registration.

(a) Notwithstanding any other section pertaining

to certification of aircraft or their parts or

equipment, ultralight vehicles and their

component parts and equipment are not required

to meet the airworthiness certification standards

specified for aircraft or to have certificates of

airworthiness.

(b) Notwithstanding any other section pertaining

to airman certification operators of ultralight

vehicles are not required to meet any

aeronautical knowledge, age, or experience

requirements to operate those vehicles or to have

airman or medical certificates.

to registration and marking of aircraft, ultralight

vehicles are not required to be registered or to

bear markings of any type.

SUBPART B - OPERATING RULES

§103.9 Hazardous operations.

(a) No person may operate any ultralight vehicle

in a manner that creates a hazard to other

persons or property.

(b) No person may allow an object to be dropped

from an ultralight vehicle if such action creates a

hazard to other persons or property.

§103.11 Daylight operations.

(a) No person may operate an ultralight vehicle

except between the hours of sunrise and sunset.

(b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this

section, ultralight vehicles may be operated

during the twilight periods 30 minutes before

official sunrise and 30 minutes after official

sunset or, in Alaska, during the period of civil

twilight as defined in the Air Almanac, if:

(1) The vehicle is equipped with an operating

anticollision light visible for at least 3 statute

miles; and

(2) All operations are conducted in uncontrolled

airspace.

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§103.21 Visual reference with the surface.

§103.13 Operation near aircraft right-of-way

rules.

No person may operate an ultralight except by

visual reference with the surface.

(a) Each person operating an ultralight vehicle

shall maintain vigilance so as to see and avoid

aircraft and shall yield the right-of-way to all

aircraft.

§103.23 Flight visibility and cloud clearance

requirements.

(b) No person may operate an ultralight vehicle

in a manner that creates a collision hazard with

respect to any aircraft.

No person may operate an ultralight vehicle

when the flight visibility or distance from clouds

is less than that in the table found below. All

operations in Class A, Class B, Class C, and

Class D airspace or Class E airspace designated

for an airport must receive prior ATC

authorization as required in §103.17 of this part.

way to unpowered ultralights.

§103.15 Operations over congested areas.

No person may operate an ultralight vehicle over

any congested area of a city, town or settlement,

or over any open air assembly of persons.

Airspace Flight Distance from

Visibility Clouds

Class A Not Applicable Not Applicable

Class B 3 statute miles Clear of Clouds

§103.17 Operations in certain airspace.

Class C 3 statute miles 500 feet below

No person may operate an ultralight vehicle

within Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D

airspace or within the lateral boundaries of the

surface area of Class E airspace designated for

an airport unless that person has prior

authorization from the ATC facility having

jurisdiction over that airspace.

1,000 feet above

2,000 feet horiz.

Class D 3 statute miles 500 feet below

1,000 feet above

2,000 feet horiz.

Class E

Less than 10,000 feet MSL:

[Doc. No 24456, 56 FR 65662, Dec. 17 1991]

3 statute miles 500 feet below

1,000 feet above

§103.19 Operations in prohibited/restricted

areas.

2,000 feet horiz.

At or above 10,000 feet MSL:

5 statute miles 1,000 feet below

No person may operate an ultralight vehicle in

prohibited or restricted areas unless that person

has permission from the using or controlling

agency, as appropriate.

1,000 feet above

1 sm. horizontal

Class G

1,200 feet or less above the surface:

§103.20 Flight restrictions in the proximity

of certain areas designated by notice to

airmen.

1 statute mile Clear of clouds

More than 1,200 feet above the surface

but less than 10,000 feet MSL:

1 statute mile 500 feet below

No person may operate an ultralight vehicle in

areas designated in a Notice to Airmen under

Sec.91.137, Sec.91.138, Sec.91.141, Sec.91-143

or Sec.91-145 of this chapter, unless authorized

by:

1,000 feet above

2,000 feet horiz.

More than 1,200 feet above the surface

and at or above 10,000 feet MSL:

5 statute miles 1,000 feet below

(a)Air Traffic Control (ATC); or

1,000 feet above

(b)A Flight Standards Certificate of Waiver or

Authorization issued for the demonstration or

event.

1 sm. Horizontal

[Amdt. 103-17, 56 FR 65662, Dec. 17, 1991]

[Doc. No. FAA-2000-8274, 66 FR 176, Sept.

11, 2001]

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RECOMMENDED FIXED-WING ULTRALIGHT PILOT

FLIGHT TRAINING STANDARDS

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND

DOCUMENTS

Objective. To determine that the applicant

exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

certificates and documents by:

1. Explaining-

a. ultralight pilot privileges, limitations.

b. pilot logbook or flight records.

2. Locating and explaining-

a. ultralight vehicle registration program.

b. operating limitations, placards, instrument

markings, and flight training supplement.

c. weight and balance data.

B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS

REQUIREMENTS

Objective. To determine that the applicant

exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

airworthiness requirements by:

1. Explaining-

a. required instruments and equipment for

ultralight pilot privileges.

b. procedures and limitations for determining if

an aircraft, with inoperative instruments and or

equipment, is in a condition for safe operation.

2. Explaining-

a. airworthiness directives/safety directives.

b. maintenance/inspection requirements and

appropriate record keeping.

C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

real time weather information appropriate to the

specific category/class aircraft by consulting the

weather reports, charts, and forecasts from

aeronautical weather reporting sources.

2. Makes a competent "go/no-go" decision based

on available weather information.

3. Describes the importance of avoiding adverse

weather and inadvertent entry into instrument

meteorological conditions (IMC).

4. Explains courses of action to safely exit from

an inadvertent IMC encounter.

D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT

PLANNING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

cross-country flight planning appropriate to the

category/class aircraft.

2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical

charts.

3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and

terrain features.

4. Selects easily identifiable en route

checkpoints, as appropriate.

5. Selects most favorable altitudes considering

weather conditions and equipment capabilities.

6. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel

requirements.

7. Selects appropriate navigation

system/facilities and communication

frequencies, if so equipped.

8. Applies pertinent information from NOTAMs,

A/FD, and other flight publications, TFR’s.

E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

Objective. To determine that the applicant

exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the

National Airspace System by explaining:

1. Ultralight pilot privileges applicable to the

following classes of airspace:

a. Class B.

b. Class C.

c. Class D.

d. Class E.

e. Class G.

2. Special use and other airspace areas.

3. Temporary flight restrictions (TFRs).

F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

Objective. To determine that the applicant

exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the

operation of systems on the light-sport aircraft

provided for the flight test by explaining at least

three (3) of the following systems, if applicable:

1. Primary flight controls and trim.

2. Flaps and lift-enhancing devices.

3. Water rudders.

4. Powerplant and propeller.

5. Landing gear, brakes, and steering.

6. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic.

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7. Electrical.

8. Avionics.

9. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated

flight instruments.

G. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

Objective. To determine that the applicant

exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-

counter medications.

2. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective

actions of at least three (3) of the following-

a. hypoxia.

b. hyperventilation.

c. middle ear and sinus problems.

d. spatial disorientation.

e. motion sickness.

f. carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. stress and fatigue.

h. dehydration.

i. hypothermia.

H. TASK: WATER AND SEAPLANE

CHARACTERISTICS

Objective. To determine that the applicant

exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

water and seaplane characteristics by explaining:

1. The characteristics of a water surface as

affected by features, such as-

a. size and location.

b. protected and unprotected areas.

c. surface wind.

d. direction and strength of water current.

e. floating and partially submerged debris.

f. sandbars, islands, and shoals.

g. vessel traffic and wakes.

h. other features peculiar to the area.

2. Float and hull construction, and their effect on

seaplane performance, as applicable.

3. Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the

pilot action required to prevent or correct these

occurrences.

I. TASK: SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME

RULES, AND AIDS TO MARINE

NAVIGATION

Objective. To determine that the applicant

exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to

marine navigation by explaining:

1. How to locate and identify seaplane bases on

charts or in directories.

2. Operating restrictions at seaplane bases, if

applicable.

3. Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules

pertinent to seaplane operation.

4. Marine navigation aids, such as buoys,

beacons, lights, and sound signals.

J. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND

LIMITATIONS

Objective. To determine the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

performance and limitations by explaining the

use of charts, tables, and data if appropriate, to

determine performance and the adverse effects

of exceeding limitations.

2. Exhibits knowledge of the principles of

weight and balance by explaining weight and

balance terms and the effect of weight and

balance on airplane performance.

3. Determines if weight and center of gravity

will remain within limits during all phases of

flight.

4. Describes the effects of atmospheric

conditions on the airplane's performance.

5. Determines whether the computed

performance is within the airplane's capabilities

and operating limitations.

K. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

Objective. To determine the applicant exhibits

knowledge of basic aerodynamics and principles

of flight including:

1. Forces acting on an airplane in various flight

maneuvers.

2. Airplane stability and controllability.

3. Torque effect.

4. Wingtip vortices and precautions to be taken.

5. Loads and load factors.

6. Angle of attack, stalls and stall recovery,

including flight situations in which unintentional

stalls may occur.

7. Effects and use of primary and secondary

flight controls including the purpose of each

control and proper technique for use.

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II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

preflight inspection. This shall include which

items must be inspected, the reasons for

checking each item, and how to detect possible

defects.

2. Inspects the airplane with reference to an

appropriate checklist.

3. Verifies the airplane is in condition for safe

flight.

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

efficient cockpit management procedures, and

related safety factors.

2. Organizes and arranges material and

equipment in a manner that makes the items

readily available.

3. Briefs occupant on the use of safety belts,

shoulder harnesses, and any other required

safety equipment, doors, and emergency

procedures.

C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

recommended engine starting procedures. This

shall include pull starting, hand propping safety,

and starting under various atmospheric

conditions, if applicable.

2. Demonstrates awareness of other persons and

property during start.

3. Positions the airplane properly considering

structures, surface conditions, other aircraft, and

the safety of nearby persons and property.

4. Accomplishes the correct starting procedure.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: TAXIING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

safe taxi procedures.

2. Performs a brake check if applicable,

immediately after the airplane begins moving.

3. Positions the flight controls properly for the

existing wind conditions.

4. Safely controls airplane direction and speed.

5. Complies with airport markings, signals,

clearances, and instructions.

6. Taxis so as to avoid other aircraft and hazards.

E. TASK: TAXIING AND SAILING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

water taxiing and sailing procedures.

2. Positions the flight controls properly for the

existing wind conditions.

3. Plans and follows the most favorable course

while taxiing or sailing, considering wind, water

current, water conditions, and maritime

regulations.

4. Uses the appropriate idle, plow, or step taxi

technique.

5. Uses flight controls, flaps, doors, water

rudder, and power correctly so as to follow the

desired course while sailing.

6. Prevents and corrects for porpoising and

skipping.

7. Avoids other aircraft, vessels, and hazards.

8. Complies with seaplane base signs, signals,

and clearances.

F. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

the before takeoff check, including the reasons

for checking each item and how to detect

malfunctions.

2. Positions the airplane properly considering

other aircraft/vessels, wind, and surface

conditions.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the

cockpit.

4. Accomplishes the before takeoff checklist and

ensures the airplane is in safe operating

condition.

5. Reviews takeoff performance, such as

airspeeds, takeoff distances, departure, and

emergency procedures.

6. Avoids runway incursions and/or ensures no

conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff

position.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

III. AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE

OPERATIONS

A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

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Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

radio communications at airports without

operating control towers.

2. Selects appropriate frequencies.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

traffic patterns and shall include procedures at

airports with CTAF, prevention of runway

incursions, collision avoidance, wake turbulence

avoidance, and wind shear.

2. Complies with proper local traffic pattern

procedures.

3. Maintains proper spacing from other aircraft.

4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the proper

ground track.

5. Maintains orientation with the runway/landing

area in use.

6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet,

and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots, if

applicable.

C. TASK: AIRPORT/SEAPLANE BASE,

RUNWAY, AND TAXIWAY SIGNS,

MARKINGS AND LIGHTING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

airport/seaplane base, runway, and taxiway

operations with emphasis on runway incursion

avoidance.

2. Properly identifies and interprets

airport/seaplane base runway, and taxiway signs,

markings and lighting.

IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-

AROUNDS

A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND

TAKEOFF AND CLIMB

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

a normal/ crosswind takeoff and climb and

rejected takeoff procedures.

2. Clears the area and positions the flight

controls appropriately for the existing wind

conditions.

3. Retracts the water rudders as appropriate, and

establishes and maintains the most efficient

planing/lift-off attitude, and corrects for

porpoising and skipping.

4. Lifts off at the recommended airspeed and/or

attitude, and climbs at that airspeed/climb

attitude (+10/-5 knots).

5. Retracts flaps after a positive rate of climb is

established and maintains takeoff power to a

safe maneuvering altitude.

6. Maintains directional control and proper

wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and

climb.

B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND

APPROACH AND LANDING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

a normal and crosswind approach and landing.

2. Adequately surveys the intended landing area.

3. Considers the wind conditions, landing

surface, obstructions, and selects a suitable

touchdown point.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and

landing configuration and approach

airspeed/attitude, adjusting pitch attitude and

power as required.

5. Maintains a stabilized approach and

recommended airspeed, or in its absence, not

more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots, and/or

appropriate approach attitude, with wind gust

factor applied.

6. Contacts the water at the proper pitch attitude.

7. Touches down smoothly at approximate

stalling speed/attitude.

8. Touches down at or within 400 feet beyond a

specified point, with no drift, and with the

airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and

over the runway center/landing path.

9. Maintains crosswind correction and

directional control throughout the approach and

landing sequence.

C. TASK: SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND

CLIMB

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

a soft-field takeoff and climb.

2. Positions the flight controls for existing wind

conditions and to maximize lift as quickly as

possible.

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3. Clears the area; taxis onto the takeoff surface

at a speed consistent with safety without

stopping while advancing the throttle smoothly

to takeoff power.

4. Establishes and maintains a pitch attitude that

will transfer the weight of the airplane from the

wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.

5. Lifts off at the lowest possible airspeed and

remains in ground effect while accelerating to

Vx or Vy, as appropriate.

6. Establishes a pitch attitude for Vx or Vy,as

appropriate and maintains selected airspeed

+10/-5 knots, during the climb.

7. Retracts flaps, if appropriate, after clear of

any obstacles or as recommended by the

manufacturer.

8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe

maneuvering altitude.

9. Maintains directional control and proper

wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and

climb.

D. TASK: SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND

LANDING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

a soft-field approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing

surface, and obstructions, and selects the most

suitable touchdown area.

3. Establishes the recommended approach and

landing configuration, and airspeed/attitude;

adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

4. Maintains a stabilized approach and

recommended airspeed, or in its absence, not

more than 1.3 Vso, +10/-5 knots, and/or

appropriate approach attitude.

5. Touches down softly.

6. Maintains crosswind correction and

directional control throughout the approach and

landing sequence.

7. Maintains proper position of the flight

controls and sufficient speed to taxi on the soft

surface.

E. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND

MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE CLIMB

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

a short-field takeoff and maximum performance

climb.

2. Positions the flight controls for the existing

wind conditions; sets the flaps, if applicable, as

recommended.

3. Clears the area; taxis into takeoff position

utilizing maximum available takeoff area and

aligns the airplane on the runway center/takeoff

path.

4. Selects an appropriate take-off path for the

existing conditions.

5. Applies brakes (if appropriate) while

advancing the throttle.

6. Establishes and maintains the most efficient

planing/lift-off attitude and corrects for

porpoising and skipping.

7. Lifts off at the recommended

airspeed/attitude, and accelerates to the

recommended obstacle clearance

airspeed/attitude or Vx

.8. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain

the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed, or

Vx +10/-5 knots, until the obstacle is cleared, or

until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.

9. After clearing the obstacle, establishes the

pitch attitude for Vy accelerates to Vy, and

maintains Vy, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

10. Retracts the flaps after clear of any obstacles

or as recommended by manufacturer.

11. Maintains takeoff power to a safe

maneuvering altitude.

12. Maintains directional control and proper

wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and

climb.

F. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH

AND LANDING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

a short-field approach and landing.

2. Adequately surveys the intended landing area.

3. Considers the wind conditions, landing

surface, obstructions, and selects the most

suitable touchdown point.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and

landing configuration and airspeed/attitude;

adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

5. Maintains a stabilized approach and the

recommended approach airspeed/attitude, or in

its absence not more than 1.3 Vso, +10/-5 knots.

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6. Selects the proper landing path, contacts the

water at the minimum safe airspeed with the

proper pitch attitude for the surface conditions.

7. Touches down smoothly at minimum control

airspeed.

8. Touches down at or within 200 feet beyond a

specified point.

9. Maintains crosswind correction and

directional control throughout the approach and

landing sequence.

10. Applies brakes if equipped, or elevator

control as necessary, to stop in the shortest

distance consistent with safety.

G. TASK: GLASSY WATER TAKEOFF

AND CLIMB

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

glassy water takeoff and climb.

2. Positions the flight controls and flaps for the

existing conditions.

3. Clears the area; selects an appropriate takeoff

path considering surface hazards and/or vessels

and surface conditions.

4. Retracts the water rudders as appropriate;

advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

5. Establishes and maintains an appropriate

planing attitude, directional control, and corrects

for porpoising, skipping, and increases in water

drag.

6. Utilizes appropriate techniques to lift seaplane

from the water considering surface conditions.

7. Establishes proper attitude/airspeed and

accelerates to Vy, +10/-5 knots during the climb.

8. Retracts the flaps after a positive rate of climb

is established.

9. Maintains takeoff power to a safe

maneuvering altitude.

10. Maintains directional control and proper

wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and

climb.

H. TASK: GLASSY WATER APPROACH

AND LANDING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

glassy water approach and landing.

2. Adequately surveys the intended landing area.

3. Considers the wind conditions, water depth,

hazards, surrounding terrain, and other

watercraft.

4. Selects the most suitable approach path and

touchdown area.

5. Establishes the recommended approach and

landing configuration, airspeed/attitude, and

adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

6. Maintains a stabilized approach and the

recommended approach airspeed, +10/-5 knots

and/or attitude and maintains a touchdown pitch

attitude and descent rate from the last altitude

reference until touchdown.

7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct power and

control adjustments to maintain proper pitch

attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.

8. Contacts the water in the proper pitch attitude

and slows to idle taxi speed.

9. Maintains crosswind correction and

directional control throughout the approach and

landing sequence.

I. TASK: ROUGH WATER TAKEOFF AND

CLIMB

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

rough water takeoff and climb.

2. Positions the flight controls and flaps for the

existing conditions.

3. Clears the area; selects an appropriate takeoff

path considering wind, swells, surface hazards,

and/or vessels.

4. Retracts the water rudders as appropriate;

advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

5. Establishes and maintains an appropriate

planing attitude, directional control, and corrects

for porpoising, skipping, or excessive bouncing.

6. Lifts off at minimum airspeed and accelerates

to Vy, +10/-5 knots before leaving ground

effect.

7. Retracts the flaps after a positive rate of climb

is established

8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe

maneuvering altitude.

9. Maintains directional control and proper

wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and

climb.

J. TASK: ROUGH WATER APPROACH

AND LANDING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

rough water approach and landing.

2. Adequately surveys the intended landing area.

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3. Considers the wind conditions, water, depth,

hazards, surrounding terrain, and other

watercraft.

4. Selects the most suitable approach path and

touchdown area.

5. Establishes the recommended approach and

landing configuration and airspeed/attitude, and

adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

6. Maintains a stabilized approach and the

recommended approach airspeed and/or attitude,

or in its absence not more than 1.3 Vso +10/-5

knots with wind gust factor applied.

7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct power and

control inputs during the roundout and touch

down.

8. Contacts the water in the proper pitch attitude

and at the proper airspeed, considering the type

of rough water.

9. Maintains crosswind correction and

directional control throughout the approach and

landing sequence.

K. TASK: FORWARD SLIP TO A

LANDING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

forward slip to a landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing

surface, obstructions, and selects the most

suitable touchdown point.

3. Establishes the slipping attitude at the point

from which a landing can be made using the

recommended approach and landing

configuration and airspeed; adjusts pitch attitude

and power as required.

4. Maintains a ground track aligned with the

runway center/landing path and an

airspeed/attitude, which results in minimum

float during the roundout.

5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control

application during the recovery from the slip, the

roundout, and the touchdown.

6. Touches down smoothly at the approximate

stalling speed, at or within 400 feet beyond a

specified point.

7. Maintains crosswind correction and

directional control throughout the approach and

landing sequence.

L. TASK: GO-AROUND/REJECTED

LANDING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

a go-around/rejected landing.

2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the

approach to landing.

3. Applies takeoff power immediately and

transitions to climb pitch attitude for Vy, and

maintains Vy +10/-5 knots and/or the

appropriate pitch attitude.

4. Retracts the flaps as appropriate.

5. Maneuvers to the side of the runway/landing

area to clear and avoid conflicting traffic, if

appropriate.

6. Maintains takeoff power to a safe

maneuvering altitude.

7. Maintains directional control and proper

wind-drift correction throughout the climb.

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER

A. TASK: STEEP TURNS

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

steep turns.

2. Establishes the manufacturer's recommended

airspeed or if one is not stated, a safe airspeed

not to exceed VA.

3. Rolls into a coordinated 360° turn; maintains

a 45° bank.

4. Performs the task in the opposite direction, as

specified by the examiner.

5. Divides attention between airplane control

and orientation.

6. Maintains the entry altitude, ±100 feet,

airspeed, ±10 knots, bank, ±5°; and rolls out on

the entry heading, ±10°.

VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

a rectangular course.

2. Selects a suitable reference area and

emergency landing area.

3. Plans the maneuver so as to not descend

below a minimum altitude of 600 feet above the

ground at an appropriate distance from the

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selected reference area, 45° to the downwind

leg.

4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction during

straight-and-turning flight to maintain a constant

ground track around the rectangular reference

area.

5. Divides attention between airplane control

and the ground track while maintaining

coordinated flight.

6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains

airspeed, ±10 knots.

B. TASK: S-TURNS

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

S-turns.

2. Selects a suitable ground reference line and

emergency landing area.

3. Plans the maneuver so as to not descend

below a minimum altitude of 600 feet above the

ground perpendicular to the selected reference

line.

4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to

track a constant radius turn on each side of the

selected reference line.

5. Reverses the direction of turn directly over the

selected reference line.

6. Divides attention between airplane control,

orientation and the ground track while

maintaining coordinated flight.

7. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains

airspeed, ±10 knots.

C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

turns around a point.

2. Selects an appropriate reference point based

on wind direction and emergency landing areas.

3. Plans the maneuver so as not to descend

below a minimum altitude off 600 feet above

ground level at an appropriate distance from the

reference point.

4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to

track a constant radius turn around the selected

reference point.

5. Divides attention between airplane control

and the ground track while maintaining

coordinated flight.

6. Exits at the point of entry heading + 15°.

7. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains

airspeed, ±10 knots.

VII. NAVIGATION

A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD

RECKONING

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

pilotage and dead reckoning, as appropriate.

2. Follows the preplanned course by reference to

landmarks.

3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface

features to chart symbols.

4. Verifies the airplane's position within 3

nautical miles of the flight-planned route.

5. Determines there is sufficient fuel to complete

the flight. If not, develops an alternate plan.

6. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet

and headings, ±15°.

B. TASK: DIVERSION

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

diversion.

2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport, or

landing area and route.

3. Determines there is sufficient fuel to fly to the

alternate airport or landing area.

4. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet

and headings, ±15°.

C. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

lost procedures.

2. Selects an appropriate course of action.

3. Maintains an appropriate heading and climbs,

if necessary.

4. Identifies prominent landmarks.

5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and or

contacts an ATC facility for assistance, as

appropriate.

VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS

A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING

SLOW FLIGHT

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

maneuvering during slow flight.

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2. Selects an entry altitude consistent with

safety, which allows the TASK to be completed

no lower than 1,000 feet AGL.

3. Establishes and maintains an airspeed at

which any further increase in angle of attack,

increase in load factor, or reduction in power,

would result in an immediate stall.

4. Accomplishes coordinated straight-and-level

flight, turns, climbs, and descents with landing

gear extended and retracted as appropriate, and

various flap configurations, if appropriate,

specified by the examiner.

5. Divides attention between airplane control

and orientation.

6. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet;

specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/-0 knots

and specified angle of bank, ±10°.

B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

power-off stalls.

2. Selects an entry altitude consistent with

safety, which allows the TASK to be completed

no lower than 1,000 feet AGL.

3. Establishes a stabilized descent in the

approach or landing configuration, as specified

by the examiner.

4. Transitions smoothly from the approach or

landing attitude to a pitch attitude that will

induce a stall.

5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, in

straight flight; maintains a specified angle of

bank not to exceed 20°, ±10°; in turning flight,

while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and recovers promptly after the

stall occurs by simultaneously reducing the

angle of attack, increasing power to maximum

allowable, and leveling the wings to return to a

straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum

loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.

7. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting,

after a positive rate-of-climb is established.

8. Accelerates to Vx or Vy speed and/or the

appropriate pitch attitude before the final flap

retraction; returns to the altitude, heading, and

airspeed/appropriate pitch attitude specified by

the examiner.

C. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

power-on stalls.

2. Selects an entry altitude consistent with

safety, which allows the TASK to be completed

no lower than 1,000 feet AGL.

3. Establishes the takeoff or departure

configuration. Sets power to no less than 65

percent available power.

4. Transitions smoothly from the takeoff or

departure attitude to the pitch attitude that will

induce a stall.

5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, in

straight flight; maintains a specified angle of

bank not to exceed 20°, ±10°, in turning flight,

while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and recovers promptly after the

stall occurs by simultaneously reducing the

angle of attack, increasing power as appropriate,

and leveling the wings to return to a straight-

and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of

altitude appropriate for the airplane.

7. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting;

after a positive rate of climb is established.

8. Accelerates to Vx or Vy speed and/or the

appropriate pitch attitude before the final flap

retraction; returns to the altitude, heading, and

airspeed/pitch attitude specified by the

examiner.

D. TASK: SPIN AWARENESS (Oral Only)

Objective. To determine that the applicant

exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

spin awareness by explaining:

1. Aerodynamic factors that cause spins.

2. Flight situations where unintentional spins

may occur.

3. Procedures for avoidance and recovery from

unintentional spins.

IX. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND

LANDING (SIMULATED)

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

emergency approach and landing procedures.

2. Analyzes the situation and selects an

appropriate course of action.

3. Establishes and maintains the recommended

best-glide airspeed ±10 knots /pitch attitude.

4. Selects a suitable landing area.

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5. Plans and follows a flight pattern to the

selected landing area considering altitude, wind,

terrain, and obstructions.

X. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: AFTER LANDING, PARKING,

AND SECURING

6. Prepares for landing or go-around, as

specified by the examiner.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

after landing, parking, and securing procedures.

B. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

MALFUNCTIONS

2. Maintains directional control after touchdown

while decelerating to an appropriate speed.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

3. Observes runway hold lines and other surface

control markings.

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

system and equipment malfunctions appropriate

to the airplane provided for the practical test.

4. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the

safety of nearby persons and property.

2. Evaluates the situation and takes appropriate

action for simulated emergencies appropriate to

the airplane provided for the practical test for at

least three (3) of the following-

5. Follows the appropriate procedure for engine

shutdown.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

7. Conducts an appropriate postflight inspection

and secures the aircraft.

a. partial or complete power loss.

b. engine roughness or overheat.

c. carburetor or induction icing.

B. TASK: ANCHORING

d. loss of oil pressure.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

e. fuel starvation.

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

anchoring.

f. electrical malfunction.

g. vacuum/pressure and associated flight

instrument malfunctions.

2. Selects a suitable area for anchoring,

considering seaplane movement, water depth,

tide, wind, and weather changes.

h. pitot/static.

i. flap malfunction.

3. Uses an adequate number of anchors and lines

of sufficient strength and length to ensure the

seaplane's security.

j. inoperative trim.

k. inadvertent door or window opening.

l. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.

m. flight control malfunction.

C. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING

n. ballistic recovery system malfunction, if

applicable.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

docking and mooring.

o. any other emergency appropriate to the

airplane.

2. Approaches the dock or mooring buoy in the

proper direction considering speed, hazards,

wind, and water current.

3. Follows the appropriate checklist or

procedure.

C. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT

AND SURVIVAL GEAR

3. Ensures seaplane security.

D. TASK: RAMPING/BEACHING

Objective. To determine that the applicant

exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

emergency equipment appropriate to the

following environmental conditions:

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

ramping/beaching.

2. Approaches the ramp/beach, considering

persons and property in the proper attitude and

direction, at a safe speed, considering water

depth, tide, current, and wind.

3. Ramps/beaches and secures the seaplane in a

manner that will protect it from the harmful

effect of wind, waves, and changes in water

level.

1. mountain terrain.

2. large bodies of water.

3. desert conditions.

4. extreme temperature changes.

EAA Fixed Wing Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.2

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RECOMMENDED FIXED-WING

ULTRALIGHT PILOT WRITTEN TEST

1. The final authority as to the operation of an

ultralight is the

A FAA.

B Manufacturer.

C Pilot in-command.

2. Who is responsible for determining if a

vehicle is in condition for safe flight?

A The owner or operator.

B The pilot in command.

C A certified aircraft mechanic.

3. True airspeed is

A the speed of the wind over the ground.

B the speed of the aircraft over the ground.

C the speed of the aircraft through the air.

4. Motion of the air affects the speed with which

airplanes move

A over the earth’s surface.

B through the air.

C in a turn.

5. The four forces acting on an aircraft in flight

are

A lift, weight, thrust, and drag.

B lift, weight, gravity, and thrust.

C lift, gravity, power, and friction.

6. When are the four forces acting on an aircraft

in equilibrium?

A During unaccelerated flight.

B When the aircraft is accelerating.

C When the aircraft is at rest on the ground.

7. The angle of attack is defined as the angle

between the chord line of an airfoil and the

A direction of the relative wind.

B pitch angle of an airfoil.

C rotor plane of rotation.

8. The angle of attack at which an aircraft wing

stalls will

A increase if the CG is moved forward.

B change with an increase in gross weight.

C remain same regardless of gross weight.

9. How does frost on the wing affect takeoff

performance?

A Frost will disrupt the smooth flow of air

over the wing, adversely affecting its

lifting capability.

B Frost will change the camber of the wing,

increasing its lift.

C Frost will cause the airplane to become

airborne with a higher angle of attack,

decreasing the stall speed.

10. What is ground effect?

A The result of the disruption of the airflow

patterns about the wing to the point where

the wing will no longer support the

airplane in flight.

B A condition of improved performance

when an airplane is operated very close to

the ground.

C The result of the disruption of the airflow

pattern about the wing of an airplane

increasing induced drag about the wings.

11. A powered ultralight must give right of way to

A all other aircraft.

B unpowered vehicles.

C all of the above.

12. What effect, if any, does high humidity have

on ultralight vehicle performance?

A It increases performance.

B It decreases performance.

C It has no effect on performance.

13. What is the one common factor which affects

most preventable accidents?

A Structural failure.

B Mechanical malfunction.

C Human error.

14. A Flight Service weather briefing can be

obtained any place in the U.S. by

A calling 1-800-WXBRIEF.

B calling the local FAA office.

C checking the local news stations.

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15. Ground effect is most likely to result in which

problem?

A Settling to the surface abruptly during

landing.

B Becoming airborne before reaching

recommended takeoff speed.

C Inability to get airborne even though

airspeed is sufficient for normal takeoff

needs.

16. The amount of excess load that can be

imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon

the

A position of the CG.

B speed of the aircraft.

C abruptness at which the load is applied.

17. Which basic flight maneuver will increase the

load factor on an aircraft as compared to straight

and level flight?

A Climbs.

B Turns.

C Stalls.

18. During flight, when are the indications of a

magnetic compass accurate?

A Only in straight and level unaccelerated

flight.

B As long as the airspeed is constant.

C During turns if the bank does not exceed

18 degrees.

19. What does the red line on an airspeed

indicator represent?

A Maneuvering speed.

B Turbulent or rough-air speed.

C Never-exceed speed.

20. What is absolute altitude?

A The altitude read directly from the

altimeter.

B The vertical distance of the aircraft above

the surface (AGL).

C The height above the standard datum

plane.

21. What is true altitude?

A The vertical distance of the aircraft above

sea level (MSL).

B The vertical distance of the aircraft above

the surface.

C The height above the standard datum

plane.

22. Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS) must

A inform pilots of fuel prices.

B be complied with by ultralight pilots.

C inform aircraft owners of ultralight vehicle

safety directives.

23. What is pressure altitude?

A The indicated altitude corrected for

position and installation error.

B The altitude indicated when the

barometric pressure scale is set to 29.92".

C The indicated altitude corrected for

nonstandard temperature and pressure.

24. Excessively high engine temperatures will

A cause damage to heat conducting hoses

and to the cooling fins.

B cause loss of power and possible

permanent internal engine damage.

C not affect an aircraft engine.

25. What action can a pilot take to aid in cooling

an engine that is overheating during a climb?

A Reduce the rate of climb and increase

airspeed.

B Reduce climb speed and increase rpm.

C Increase climb speed and increase rpm.

26. One purpose of the dual ignition system on an

ultralight engine is to provide for

A improved engine reliability.

B uniform heat distribution.

C balanced cylinder head pressure.

27. Which condition is most favorable to the

development of carburetor icing?

A Any temperature below freezing and a

relative humidity of less than 50%.

B Temperature between 32 and 50 degrees F

and a low humidity.

C Temperature between 20 and 70 degrees F

and high humidity.

28. The possibility of carburetor icing exists even

when the ambient air temperature is as

A high as 70 degrees F and the relative

humidity is high.

B high as 95 degrees F and there is visible

moisture.

C low as 0 degrees F and the relative

humidity is high.

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29. If the grade of fuel used in an aircraft engine

is lower than specified for the engine, it will most

likely cause

A a mixture of fuel and air that is not

uniform in all cylinders.

B lower cylinder head temperatures.

C detonation.

30. The uncontrolled firing of the fuel/air charge

in advance of normal spark ignition is known as

A combustion.

B pre-ignition.

C detonation.

31. Filling the fuel tanks after the last flight of the

day is considered good operating procedure

because this will

A force any existing water to the top of the

tank and away from the fuel lines.

B prevent expansion of the fuel by

eliminating airspace in the tanks.

C prevent moisture condensation by

eliminating airspace in the tanks.

32. Every physical process of weather is

accompanied by, or is the result of, a

A movement of air.

B pressure differential.

C heat exchange.

33. What should be the first action after starting

an aircraft engine?

A Adjust for proper RPM and check for

desired indications on the engine gauges.

B Place the ignition switch momentarily in

the OFF position to check grounding.

C Test the brakes.

34. Flight over congested areas by ultralight

vehicles is only allowed if

A written waiver is obtained from FAA.

B great care is exercised.

C it is between the hours of 0800 and 1100.

35. The numbers 9 and 27 on a runway indicate

that the runway is oriented approximately

A 009 degrees and 027 degrees true.

B 090 degrees and 270 degrees true.

C 090 degrees and 270 degrees magnetic.

36. If an airport's rotating beacon is operating

during daylight hours it indicates

A there are obstructions on the airport.

B the weather is below basic VFR weather

minimums.

C the Air Traffic Control tower is not in

operation.

37. Which is the correct traffic pattern departure

procedure to use at a noncontrolled airport?

A Depart in any direction after crossing the

airport boundary.

B Make all turns to the left.

C Comply with any FAA traffic pattern

established for the airport.

38. Wingtip vortices (turbulence) are created only

when an aircraft is

A operating at high airspeeds.

B heavily loaded.

C developing lift.

39. How can you determine if another aircraft is

on a collision course with your aircraft?

A The other aircraft will always appear to

get larger and closer at a rapid rate.

B The nose of each aircraft is pointed at the

same point in space.

C There will be no apparent relative motion

between your aircraft and the other

aircraft.

40. Prior to starting each maneuver, pilots should

A check altitude, airspeed, and heading

indications.

B visually scan the entire area for collision

avoidance.

C announce their intentions on the nearest

CTAF.

41. The responsibility for collision avoidance

rests with

A the other pilot.

B the controlling agency.

C all pilots.

42. A blue segmented circle on a Sectional Chart

depicts which class airspace?

A Class D.

B Class E.

C Class C.

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43. Unless otherwise authorized, two-way radio

47. What is the maximum allowable empty

communications with ATC are required for

landings or takeoffs

A at all tower controlled airports regardless

of weather conditions.

B at all tower controlled airports only when

the weather is below VFR .

C only at Class D airports when the weather

is below VFR.

44. An ATC clearance provides

A priority over all other traffic.

B adequate separation from all other traffic.

C authorization to proceed under specified

traffic conditions in controlled airspace.

45. Which would provide the greatest gain in

altitude in the shortest distance during climb after

takeoff?

A The Best Angle of Climb airspeed.

B The Best Rate of Climb airspeed.

C Stalling speed.

46. Which airspeed would the pilot use to gain

the most altitude in a given period of time?

A The Best Angle of Climb airspeed.

B Stalling speed.

C The Best Rate of Climb airspeed.

weight for a powered ultralight?

A No more than 250 pounds.

B No more than 350 pounds.

C Less than 254 pounds.

48. If an ultralight is equipped with an

anti-collision light visible for 3 nm

A you can fly in Class D airspace.

B you can fly at night.

C you can fly 30 minutes before sunrise and

30 minutes after sunset.

49. Ultralight vehicles are not allowed operation

in Class D airspace unless

A prior authorization is obtained from the

controlling facility.

B great care is exercised to avoid other

traffic.

C you have strobe lights on your vehicle.

50. Under what conditions can objects be dropped

from an ultralight vehicle?

A Only in an emergency.

B If precautions are taken to avoid injury or

damage to persons or property on the

surface.

C If prior permission is obtained from the

FAA.

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EAA Fixed Wing Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.2

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Additional References

The Ultralight Pilots Flight Training Manual by Curtis Hughes. Available from EAA, product number

F51248

The Ultralight Aviation Training System Pilot Training Program Instructor Guide by Curtis Hughes.

Available from EAA, product number F13028

A Professional Approach to Ultralights by Carol & Brian Carpenter, available from EAA, product number

F03745

Flying Ultralights Instructional Briefings by Doug Chipman. Available from EAA, product number

F12988

First Flight in your Ultralight video. Available from EAA, product number F10289

Hamilton Flight Training Systems by Paul Hamilton, available at www.ap-store.com/ultraining.html

Airplane Flying Handbook, published by FAA, item FAA-H-8083-3A, available online www.faa.gov

Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, published by FAA, item FAA-H-8083-25, available online

www.faa.gov

EAA Ultralights web site, www.eaa.org/ultralights

EAA Ultralight Pilot Logbook. Available from EAA, product number E00385

Experimenter Magazine April 1997, article titled Traveling Light, A Primer on the Transition to the Light

end of Aviation, by Dan Johnson. Available online at: www.eaa.org/ultralights

Amateur-Built Aircraft & Ultralight Flight Testing Handbook, item AC 90-89A, published by

FAA, available online at, www.faa.gov

Pilot Written Test Answers

1. C 9. A 17. B 25. A 33. A 41. C 49. A

2. B 10. B 18. A 26. A 34. A 42. A 50. B

3. C 11. C 19. C 27. C 35. C 43. A

4. A 12. B 20. B 28. A 36. B 44. C

5. A 13. C 21. A 29. C 37. C 45. A

6. A 14. A 22. B 30. B 38. C 46. C

7. A 15. B 23. B 31. C 39. C 47. C

8. C 16. B 24. B 32. B 40. B 48. C

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