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Safety Information for
Instructors and Students
EAA Weight-Shift Ultralight Training Guide Version 1.3
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Introduction
Ultralight aviation in the United States is the most unencumbered opportunity for solo flight in the world.
Tremendous freedoms are given to ultralight pilots. However, at the same time there are strict limitations
that must be followed. With this freedom, however, come responsibilities to ensure the safety of other
individuals in the airspace as well as on the ground.
In 1982 the FAA issued Federal Aviation Regulation Part 103, Ultralight Vehicles. With this regulation,
the FAA chose to identify ultralights as vehicles and not aircraft. Because they are vehicles and not
aircraft, this regulation allows individuals to operate ultralight vehicles without requiring FAA pilot or
vehicle certification.
Upon publishing Part 103 the FAA said it did not wish to issue pilot certificates for ultralight operators.
Instead, the FAA said individuals who want to fly ultralights should participate in industry-established
self-regulation and training programs. Since 1983 EAA has maintained programs to support Part 103 and
has held an exemption to Part 103 that allowed the operation of 2-place ultralight training vehicles by
authorized ultralight flight instructors.
In 2004, the FAA passed the sport pilot & light-sport aircraft regulations. One specific purpose of this
new rule was to transition 2-place ultralight training vehicles to experimental light-sport aircraft. As a
result, after the training exemption expires on 1/31/08 there will no longer be a way to fly a 2-place
ultralight to train ultralight pilots. The FAA has said they intend ultralight pilot training to be conducted
in N-numbered aircraft by FAA flight instructors.
The EAA Ultralight & Light-Sport Aircraft Council has developed this information guide for those
individuals interested in ultralight flight training, FAA certified flight instructors (CFI), student ultralight
pilots, or pilots transitioning to ultralights from other aircraft. This guide sets forth recommendations to
students and flight instructors who wish to learn and train to fly ultralight vehicles under the rules of Part
103.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by the Experimental Aircraft Association from
sources believed to be reliable. However, neither the Experimental Aircraft Association nor its authors
and editors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither the
Experimental Aircraft Association nor its authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors,
omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the
understanding that the Experimental Aircraft Association and its authors and editors are supplying
information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services
are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
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Table of Contents Page
Message to Students……………………………………………………………………………...….....4
Finding a Flight Instructor……………………………………………………………………………...4
Message to Flight Instructors…………………………………………...…………………………..….4
Ultralight Pilot Training……………………………………………………………………………......5
Flight Training Standards………………………………………………………………...…....5
Flight Test………………………………………………………..………….………………...5
Oral Test……………………………………………………………...………….………….....6
Written Test……………………………………………………………………………………6
EAA Ultralight Programs…………………………………………………………………………...….6
EAA Membership………………………………………………………………………………………6
Ultralight Vehicles Regulation (FAR Part 103)…………………………………………...………...…7
Recommended Weight-Shift Flight Training Standards
I. Preflight Preparation………………………………………………………………………...9
II. Preflight Procedures……………………………………………………………..………....11
III. Airport Operations………………………………………………………………..…….…12
IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds……………………………………………………..12
V. Performance Maneuver………………………………………………………....…………14
VI. Ground Reference Maneuvers……………………………………………………………..15
VII. Navigation……………………………………………………………………………...…15
VIII. Slow Flight and Stalls……………………………………………………………………16
IX. Emergency Operations………………………………………………………………….…16
X. Postflight Procedures…………………………………………………………………….....17
Recommended Weight-Shift Written Test………………………………………………...…………....18
Additional References……………………………………………………………………...…………..22
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Message to Students
Flying a weight-shift ultralight is an enjoyable and rewarding experience. There is nothing quite like the
freedom of flying in the open air and soaring like a bird as the countryside slowly unfolds below you.
EAA highly recommends that if an enthusiast wants to fly an ultralight that he/she receives flight
instruction from a competent person. Flying ultralights has proven to be a safe recreational aviation
activity when done in accordance with recommended safety practices. The most important
recommendation EAA can make to a new student is to find a qualified flight instructor and obtain dual
flight instruction in a 2-place aircraft.
Enclosed in this booklet the student will find many recommendations to safely learn and participate in
ultralight aviation. For his/her benefit and safety, please consider taking the time to become familiar with
the information in this booklet and proficient to the recommended flight training standards that are
enclosed.
EAA recommends that existing pilots transitioning to ultralights from heavier aircraft also would benefit
from transition training. There are some significantly different flight characteristics between larger,
heavier aircraft and powered parachutes that existing pilots should become familiar with.
A valuable source of information is other ultralight pilots. Find pilots flying the same type ultralight you
want to fly, ask questions, and learn. The EAA Flight Advisor program has individuals experienced in
test flying homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.
Although the FAA does not require flight training to fly an ultralight, flight training is an investment in
the student’s knowledge and ability. Trying to fly without proper instruction could be disastrous!
Finding a Flight Instructor
One of the more important yet challenging aspects of learning to fly an ultralight is to find a flight
instructor who has the desire to provide flight instruction for an ultralight student pilot. As a student, look
for a flight instructor who has a weight-shift aircraft available for the flight training and a good
understanding of ultralight vehicle flight characteristics.
Here are a few suggestions to locate a flight instructor:
• EAA’s online directory of sport pilot flight instructors, www.sportpilot.org/instructors
• National Association of Flight Instructors (NAFI), www.nafinet.org/directory/flight_lookup.html
• Local EAA chapter network, www.eaa.org/chapters/locator/
• Ultralight manufacturer’s dealer network
• Visit local airport and ask around
• Other ultralight pilots
Message to Flight Instructors
FAA Certified Flight Instructors (CFI) are a key link in ultralight pilot flight training. EAA encourages
any CFI to become familiar with the flight characteristics of ultralight vehicles and make themselves
available to potential new students seeking training to safely learn to fly an ultralight vehicle.
The FAA has no ultralight pilot or vehicle certification requirements. As a result there are many ultralight
pilots over the years that either trained themselves or had very minimal training. While some pilots have
succeeded in this manner, EAA strongly discourages it. This guide sets forth recommendations for both
students and instructors in order to assure the training and knowledge necessary for flying an ultralight
safely.
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EAA is recommending that ultralight pilots be trained to a standard similar to a sport pilot. However, the
instructor must consider the type of ultralight the student will fly and the type of environment they will be
flying in and adjust the training so it is relevant. For the convenience of the flight instructor and the
student, this booklet contains a slightly modified reprint of the FAA sport pilot practical test standards.
We have used these as the recommended ultralight pilot flight training standards.
The following steps will help guide the instructor through the recommended process to train an ultralight
student:
• Have the student register with EAA as a ultralight student, complete the online form located at
the following web site, www.eaa.org/ultralights/forms
• Provide relevant flight and ground training to the student
• If student wants to complete ultralight pilot registration with EAA then:
o Ensure you have given 10 hours flight training, and the student has passed the
recommend written test, oral test, and flight test.
o Have the student complete the online pilot registration. Forms available online at:
www.eaa.org/ultralights/forms.
Ultralight Pilot Training
EAA recommends that people who want to learn to fly an ultralight should seek qualified flight
instructors teaching in weight-shift aircraft that exhibit ultralight-like flight characteristics. FAA flight
instructors are authorized by the FAA to provide flight instruction for FAA pilot certificates. To fly an
ultralight under the rules of Part 103 no FAA pilot certificate is required. However, to safely fly an
ultralight it is critical that people get the appropriate level of training from a qualified person.
EAA recommends that the student and flight instructor determine the suitability of a particular weight-
shift aircraft for training use. Further, it is important that the flight instructor be able to explain the
differences in flight characteristics between the training aircraft and the ultralight vehicle to be flown.
Many weight-shift ultralights are similar and fly like existing 2-place weight-shift and are suitable for
dual flight training.
Flight Training Standards
EAA recommends that flight instructors train ultralight pilots in accordance with the FAA sport pilot
practical test standards (PTS). A slightly modified copy of the sport pilot PTS is reprinted in this booklet.
Flight instructors should tailor their flight-training program to suit the student and the type of weight-shift
vehicle the student will fly. For example there may be some tasks that should not be trained because it
would not be relevant to the type of ultralight flying the student will do.
Ultralight pilot training standards previously published by EAA, United States Ultralight Association
(USUA), and Aero Sports Connection (ASC) are also suitable standards and recommended by EAA.
The ultimate goal with the flight training should be to prepare the student to successfully and safely fly
his/her ultralight vehicle. Instructors should tailor a flight-training program for each student with this
ultimate goal in mind.
Flight Test
If the student wants to register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, then at the completion of the flight training
program the instructor should conduct a flight test with the student. The recommended flight-training test
standard in this guide should be used as the standard for conducting the test. EAA recommends that the
flight instructor test only those items that are appropriate to the type of ultralight the student will fly. To
register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, a flight test is required.
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Oral Test
If the student wants to register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, then at the completion of the flight training
program the instructor should conduct an oral test with the student. The flight instructor should use his or
her own discretion on the extent and detail of the oral test. Ultralight pilot registration with EAA requires
that the instructor test the student’s knowledge through verbal discussion.
Written Test
If the student wants to register as an ultralight pilot with EAA, then at the completion of the flight training
program the instructor should administer a written test to the student. Included in this guide is a
recommended written test. The test is required for those who want to register as an EAA ultralight pilot.
The test represents an assortment of questions that would be useful for an ultralight pilot to know. A
passing score would be 70%.
EAA Ultralight Programs
The EAA Ultralight registration programs are maintained for the benefit of EAA members. EAA and
FAA highly recommend voluntary participation in these programs. By participating it enhances safety for
everyone involved in the sport and helps ensure the privileges of Part 103 for future ultralight enthusiasts.
Registration programs include: vehicle, student, and pilot registration. Registration can be completed
online at: EAA Ultralights web site, www.eaa.org/ultralights/forms or call EAA at 920-426-4821.
Student registration should be done at the start of any flight training. Student registration allows the
student to use time flown in an ultralight vehicle to count toward a FAA-issued sport pilot certificate, in
accordance with FAR 61.52.
Pilot registration can be done at the completion of the pilot training program. This shows that the student
has been trained and tested to a minimum standard. To register as an ultralight pilot EAA recommends a
minimum of 10 hours flight instruction, 3 hours supervised solo, and 25 takeoffs and landings and
successfully pass a written, oral, and flight test. Included in this booklet are the recommended written and
flight test standards. The oral test should be at the discretion of the flight instructor to determine the
student’s knowledge to safely fly an ultralight.
Vehicle registration should be done with all ultralight vehicles. EAA assigns a vehicle registration
number that begins with the letter “E”; an example is “E001AB.” Once the vehicle registration number is
assigned it can be placed on the vehicle and used to show you are complying with the self-regulation
intent of FAR Part 103. It also works great for radio communication purposes.
EAA Membership
EAA is a membership organization that has developed and administers ultralight self-regulation
programs. EAA members include ultralight, homebuilders, light plane, warbird, vintage, flight instructors
and aerobatic enthusiasts, and people who simply love aviation. If you are not already a member of EAA,
we ask that you consider joining to support EAA’s goals to preserve, promote, and protect recreational
aviation.
EAA is pleased to furnish this information booklet and hopes that it will benefit you. EAA encourages
and promotes safe and responsible ultralight flying activities.
EAA membership is $40 a year, which includes the EAA Sport Pilot & Light Sport Aircraft magazine.
Call 1-800-JOIN-EAA to become a member.
For Additional Information:
EAA Aviation Services, PO Box 3086, Oshkosh, WI 54903, 920-426-4821, www.eaa.org/ultralights
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FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION PART 103
ULTRALIGHT VEHICLES
SOURCE: Docket No. 21631, 47 FR 38776,
Sept. 2, 1982, unless otherwise noted.
SUBPART A - GENERAL
§103.1 Applicability.
This part prescribes rules governing the
operation of ultralight vehicles in the United
States. For the purposes of this part, an
ultralight vehicle is a vehicle that:
(a) is used or intended to be used for manned
operation in the air by a single occupant;
(b) Is used or intended to be used for recreation
or sport purposes only;
(c) Does not have any U.S. or foreign
airworthiness certificate; and
(d) If unpowered, weighs less than 155 pounds;
or
(e) If powered:
(1) Weighs less than 254 pounds empty weight,
excluding floats and safety devices which are
intended for deployment in a potentially
catastrophic situation;
(2) Has a fuel capacity not exceeding 5 U5.
gallons;
(3) Is not capable of more than 55 knots
calibrated airspeed at full power in level flight;
and
(4) Has a power-off stall speed which does not
exceed 24 knots calibrated airspeed.
§103.3 Inspection requirements.
(a) Any person operating an ultralight vehicle
under this part shall upon request, allow the
Administrator or his designee, to inspect the
vehicle to determine the applicability of this
part.
(b) The pilot or operator of an ultralight must,
upon request of the Administrator, furnish
satisfactory evidence that the vehicle is subject
only to the provisions of this part.
§103.5 Waivers.
No person may conduct operations that require a
deviation from this part except under a written
waiver issued by the Administrator.
§103.7 Certification and registration.
(a) Notwithstanding any other section pertaining
to certification of aircraft or their parts or
equipment, ultralight vehicles and their
component parts and equipment are not required
to meet the airworthiness certification standards
specified for aircraft or to have certificates of
airworthiness.
(b) Notwithstanding any other section pertaining
to airman certification operators of ultralight
vehicles are not required to meet any
aeronautical knowledge, age, or experience
requirements to operate those vehicles or to have
airman or medical certificates.
(c) Notwithstanding any other section pertaining
to registration and marking of aircraft, ultralight
vehicles are not required to be registered or to
bear markings of any type.
SUBPART B - OPERATING RULES
§103.9 Hazardous operations.
(a) No person may operate any ultralight vehicle
in a manner that creates a hazard to other
persons or property.
(b) No person may allow an object to be dropped
from an ultralight vehicle if such action creates a
hazard to other persons or property.
§103.11 Daylight operations.
(a) No person may operate an ultralight vehicle
except between the hours of sunrise and sunset.
(b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this
section, ultralight vehicles may be operated
during the twilight periods 30 minutes before
official sunrise and 30 minutes after official
sunset or, in Alaska, during the period of civil
twilight as defined in the Air Almanac, if:
(1) The vehicle is equipped with an operating
anticollision light visible for at least 3 statute
miles; and
(2) All operations are conducted in uncontrolled
airspace.
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§103.21 Visual reference with the surface.
§103.13 Operation near aircraft right-of-way
rules.
No person may operate an ultralight except by
visual reference with the surface.
(a) Each person operating an ultralight vehicle
shall maintain vigilance so as to see and avoid
aircraft and shall yield the right-of-way to all
aircraft.
§103.23 Flight visibility and cloud clearance
requirements.
(b) No person may operate an ultralight vehicle
in a manner that creates a collision hazard with
respect to any aircraft.
No person may operate an ultralight vehicle
when the flight visibility or distance from clouds
is less than that in the table found below. All
operations in Class A, Class B, Class C, and
Class D airspace or Class E airspace designated
for an airport must receive prior ATC
authorization as required in §103.17 of this part.
(c) Powered ultralights shall yield the right-of-
way to unpowered ultralights.
§103.15 Operations over congested areas.
No person may operate an ultralight vehicle over
any congested area of a city, town or settlement,
or over any open air assembly of persons.
Airspace Flight Distance from
Visibility Clouds
Class A Not Applicable Not Applicable
Class B 3 statute miles Clear of Clouds
§103.17 Operations in certain airspace.
Class C 3 statute miles 500 feet below
No person may operate an ultralight vehicle
within Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D
airspace or within the lateral boundaries of the
surface area of Class E airspace designated for
an airport unless that person has prior
authorization from the ATC facility having
jurisdiction over that airspace.
1,000 feet above
2,000 feet horiz.
Class D 3 statute miles 500 feet below
1,000 feet above
2,000 feet horiz.
Class E
Less than 10,000 feet MSL:
[Doc. No 24456, 56 FR 65662, Dec. 17 1991]
3 statute miles 500 feet below
1,000 feet above
§103.19 Operations in prohibited/restricted
areas.
2,000 feet horiz.
At or above 10,000 feet MSL:
5 statute miles 1,000 feet below
No person may operate an ultralight vehicle in
prohibited or restricted areas unless that person
has permission from the using or controlling
agency, as appropriate.
1,000 feet above
1 sm. horizontal
Class G
1,200 feet or less above the surface:
§103.20 Flight restrictions in the proximity
of certain areas designated by notice to
airmen.
1 statute mile Clear of clouds
More than 1,200 feet above the surface
but less than 10,000 feet MSL:
1 statute mile 500 feet below
No person may operate an ultralight vehicle in
areas designated in a Notice to Airmen under
Sec.91.137, Sec.91.138, Sec.91.141, Sec.91-143
or Sec.91-145 of this chapter, unless authorized
by:
1,000 feet above
2,000 feet horiz.
More than 1,200 feet above the surface
and at or above 10,000 feet MSL:
5 statute miles 1,000 feet below
(a)Air Traffic Control (ATC); or
1,000 feet above
(b)A Flight Standards Certificate of Waiver or
Authorization issued for the demonstration or
event.
1 sm. Horizontal
[Amdt. 103-17, 56 FR 65662, Dec. 17, 1991]
[Doc. No. FAA-2000-8274, 66 FR 176, Sept.
11, 2001]
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RECOMMENDED WEIGHT-SHIFT ULTRALIGHT PILOT
FLIGHT TRAINING STANDARDS
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND
DOCUMENTS
Objective. To determine that the applicant
exhibits knowledge of the elements related to
certificates and documents by:
1. Explaining—
a. Ultralight pilot privileges, and
limitations.
b. pilot logbook or flight records.
2. Locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness and registration.
b. operating limitations, placards, instrument
markings, and flight training supplement.
c. weight and loading data.
B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS
REQUIREMENTS
Objective. To determine that the applicant
exhibits knowledge of the elements related to
airworthiness requirements by:
1. Explaining—
a. required instruments and equipment for
ultralight pilot privileges.
b. procedures and limitations for determining if
an aircraft, with inoperative instruments and or
equipment, is airworthy or in a condition for safe
operation.
c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a
special flight permit.
2. Explaining—
a. safety directives.
b. maintenance/inspection requirements and
appropriate record keeping.
C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to
real time weather information appropriate to the
specific category/class aircraft by consulting
weather reports, charts, and forecasts from
aeronautical weather reporting sources.
2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision
based on available weather information.
3. Describes the importance of avoiding
adverse weather and inadvertent entry into
instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).
4. Explains courses of action to safely exit
from an inadvertent IMC encounter.
D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT
PLANNING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to cross-country flight planning appropriate to
the category/class aircraft.
2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical
charts.
3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions,
and terrain features.
4. Selects easily identifiable en route
checkpoints, as appropriate.
5. Selects most favorable altitudes considering
weather conditions and equipment capabilities.
6. Determines headings, flight time, and fuel
requirements.
7. Selects appropriate navigation
system/facilities and communication
frequencies, if so equipped.
8. Applies pertinent information from
NOTAMs, AFD, and other flight publications.
9. Completes a navigation log and simulates
filing a VFR flight plan.
E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
Objective. To determine that the applicant
exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the
National Airspace System by explaining:
1. Ultralight pilot privileges applicable to the
following classes of airspace—
a. Class B.
b. Class C.
c. Class D.
d. Class E.
e. Class G.
2. Special use and other airspace areas.
3. Temporary flight restrictions (TFRs).
F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS
Objective. To determine that the applicant
exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the
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operation of systems by explaining the following
systems, if applicable:
1. Wing control and trim.
2. Water rudders, if applicable.
3. Powerplant and propeller, if applicable.
4. Landing gear.
5. Fuel, oil, hydraulic, and coolant system (if
liquid cooled).
6. Electrical.
7. Avionics and auxiliary equipment (if
installed).
8. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated
flight instruments, as appropriate.
G. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS
Objective. To determine that the applicant
exhibits knowledge of the elements related to
aeromedical factors by explaining:
1. The effects of alcohol, drugs and over-the-
counter medications.
2. The symptoms, causes, effects, and
corrective actions of at least three (3) of the
following—
a. hypoxia.
b. hyperventilation.
c. middle ear and sinus problems.
d. spatial disorientation.
e. motion sickness.
f. carbon monoxide poisoning.
g. stress and fatigue.
h. dehydration.
i. hypothermia.
H. TASK: WATER AND SEAPLANE
CHARACTERISTICS
Objective. To determine that the applicant
exhibits knowledge of the elements related to
water and seaplane characteristics by explaining:
1. The characteristics of a water surface as
affected by features, such as—
a. size and location.
b. protected and unprotected areas.
c. surface wind.
d. direction and strength of water current.
e. floating and partially submerged debris.
f. sandbars, islands, and shoals.
g. vessel traffic and wakes.
h. other features peculiar to the area.
2. Float and hull construction, and their effect
on seaplane performance.
3. Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the
pilot action required to prevent or correct these
occurrences.
I. TASK: SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME
RULES, AND AIDS TO MARINE
NAVIGATION
Objective. To determine that the applicant
exhibits knowledge of the elements related to
seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to
marine navigation by explaining:
1. How to locate and identify seaplane bases
on charts or in directories.
2. Operating restrictions at seaplane bases, if
applicable.
3. Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules
pertinent to seaplane operation.
4. Marine navigation aids such as buoys,
beacons, lights, and sound signals.
J. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND
LIMITATIONS
Objective. To determine the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to performance and limitations by explaining the
use of charts, tables, and data if appropriate, to
determine performance and the adverse effects
of exceeding limitations.
2. Exhibits knowledge of the center of gravity
on weight shift performance.
3. Describes the effects of atmospheric
conditions on the weight shift’s performance.
4. Explains the effects and hazards of high
wind, referencing the ground speed, high rates of
turn and power requirements on making
downwind turns in close proximity to the
ground.
K. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
Objective. To determine the applicant exhibits
knowledge of basic aerodynamics and principles
of flight including:
1. Forces acting on a weight shift machine in
various flight maneuvers.
2. Weight shift stability and controllability.
3. Loads and load factors.
4. Angle of attack, stalls and stall recovery,
including flight situations in which unintentional
stalls may occur.
5. Effects and use of wing control, including
the purpose and proper technique for use.
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II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. TASK: ASSEMBLY
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to the assembly procedures following the
manufacturer’s procedures.
2. Selects a suitable assembly area and
provides sufficient crewmembers for assembly.
3. Follows the appropriate checklist.
4. Uses proper tools.
5. Handles components properly.
6. Cleans and lubricates parts, as appropriate.
7. Accounts for all tools and parts at the
completion of assembly.
8. Performs post-assembly inspections,
including a control check.
B. TASK: WING TUNING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to wing tuning procedures.
2. Describes the correct procedures for tuning
the wing to fly straight.
3. Describes the correct procedures for tuning
the wing to fly faster or slower.
4. Exhibits knowledge of the relationship
between speed and stability with regard to wing
tuning.
C. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to preflight inspection. This shall include which
items must be inspected, the reasons for
checking each item, and how to detect possible
defects.
2. Inspects the weight shift control aircraft with
reference to an appropriate checklist.
3. Verifies the weight shift control aircraft is in
condition for safe flight.
D. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to cockpit management procedures.
2. Ensures all loose items in the cockpit and on
each occupant are removed, stowed, or secured.
3. Organizes material and equipment in an
efficient manner so they are readily available.
4. Briefs occupant on the use of safety belts,
shoulder harnesses, doors, and emergency
procedures.
E. TASK: ENGINE STARTING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to recommended engine starting procedures.
2. Positions the weight shift control aircraft
properly considering structures, surface
conditions, other aircraft, and the safety of
nearby persons and property.
F. TASK: TAXIING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to safe taxi procedures.
2. Performs a brake check immediately after
the weight shift control aircraft begins moving.
3. Positions the wing properly for the existing
wind conditions.
4. Controls direction and speed without
excessive use of brakes.
5. Complies with airport/taxiway markings,
signals, ATC clearances, and instructions.
6. Taxies so as to avoid other aircraft and
hazards.
G. TASK: TAXIING AND SAILING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to water taxiing and sailing procedures.
2. Positions the wing properly for the existing
wind conditions.
3. Plans and follows the most favorable course
while taxi or sailing considering wind, water
current, water conditions and maritime
regulations.
4. Uses the appropriate idle, plow, or step taxi
technique.
5. Uses wing, water rudder, and power correctly
so as to follow the desired course while sailing.
6. Prevents and corrects for porpoising and
skipping.
7. Avoids other aircraft, vessels, and hazards.
8. Complies with seaplane base signs, signals,
and clearances.
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H. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to the before takeoff check. This shall include
the reasons for checking each item and how to
detect malfunctions.
2. Positions the weight shift control aircraft
properly considering other aircraft/vessels, wind
and surface conditions.
3. Divides attention inside and outside the
cockpit.
4. Ensures that engine temperature is suitable
for takeoff.
5. Accomplishes the before takeoff checklist
and ensures the weight shift control aircraft is in
safe operating condition.
6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds,
takeoff distances, departure, and emergency
procedures.
7. Avoids runway incursions and/or ensures no
conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff
position.
8. Completes the appropriate checklist.
III. AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE
OPERATIONS
A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to radio communications at airports without
operating control towers.
2. Selects appropriate frequencies.
3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.
4. Acknowledges radio communications.
B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to traffic patterns at airports without operating
control towers, prevention of runway incursions,
collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance,
and wind shear.
2. Complies with proper local traffic pattern
procedures.
3. Maintains proper spacing from other
aircraft.
4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the
proper ground track.
5. Maintains orientation with the
runway/landing area in use.
6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet,
and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots, if
applicable.
C. TASK: AIRPORT RUNWAY
MARKINGS AND LIGHTING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to airport/seaplane base, markings and lighting
with emphasis on runway incursion avoidance.
2. Properly identifies and interprets
airport/seaplane base markings and lighting.
IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND
GO-AROUNDS
A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND
TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to normal crosswind takeoff and climb,
including rejected takeoff procedures.
2. Positions the wing for the existing wind
conditions.
3. Clears the area; taxies into the takeoff
position and aligns the weight shift control
aircraft on the runway center/takeoff path.
4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff
power.
5. Establishes and maintains the most efficient
planing/lift off attitude and corrects for
porpoising and skipping.
6. Lifts off at the recommended airspeed and
accelerates to appropriate climb speed.
7. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain
appropriate climb speed +10/-5 knots or speed
recommended by the POH/AFM to maintain
control if you have an engine failure.
8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe
maneuvering altitude.
9. Maintains directional control and proper
wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and
climb.
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B. TASK: POWER-ON AND CROSSWIND
APPROACH AND LANDING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to a power-on and crosswind approach and
landing.
2. Adequately surveys the intended landing
area.
3. Considers the wind conditions, landing
surface, obstructions, and selects a suitable
touchdown point.
4. Establishes the recommended approach and
landing configuration (water rudders down) and
airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as
required.
5. Maintains a stabilized approach and
recommended airspeed.
6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control
application during the roundout and touchdown.
7. Contacts the water at the proper pitch
attitude.
8. Touches down smoothly at appropriate
airspeed.
9. Touches down at or within 400 feet beyond
a specified point, with no drift, and with the
weight shift control aircraft's flight path aligned
with and over the runway center/landing path.
10. Maintains directional control throughout the
approach and landing sequence.
C. TASK: GLASSY WATER TAKEOFF
AND CLIMB
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to glassy water takeoff and climb.
2. Positions the wing for the existing
conditions.
3. Clears the area; selects an appropriate
takeoff path considering surface hazards and/or
vessels and surface conditions.
4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff
power.
5. Establishes and maintains an appropriate
planing attitude, directional control, and corrects
for porpoising, skipping, and increases in water
drag.
6. Utilizes appropriate techniques to lift
aircraft from the water considering surface
conditions.
7. Establishes proper attitude/airspeed, and
accelerates to best climb or speed recommended
by the POH/AFM, +10/-5 knots during the
climb.
8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe
maneuvering altitude.
9. Maintains directional control and proper
wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and
climb.
D. TASK: GLASSY WATER APPROACH
AND LANDING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to glassy water approach and landing.
2. Adequately surveys the intended landing
area.
3. Considers the wind conditions, water depth,
hazards, surrounding terrain, and other
watercraft.
4. Selects the most suitable approach path, and
touchdown area.
5. Establishes the recommended approach and
landing configuration (water rudders down) and
airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as
required.
6. Maintains a stabilized approach and the
recommended approach airspeed, or speed
recommended by the POH/AFM, +10/-5 knots
and maintains a touchdown pitch attitude and
descent rate from the last altitude reference until
touchdown.
7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct power
and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch
attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.
8. Contacts the water in the proper pitch
attitude, and slows to idle taxi speed.
9. Maintains directional control throughout the
approach and landing sequence.
E. TASK: ROUGH WATER TAKEOFF
AND CLIMB
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to rough water takeoff and climb.
2. Positions the wing for the existing
conditions.
3. Clears the area; selects an appropriate
takeoff path considering wind, swells surface
hazards and/or vessels.
4. Establishes and maintains an appropriate
planing attitude, directional control, and corrects
for porpoising, skipping, or excessive bouncing.
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5. Lifts off at minimum airspeed and
accelerates to best climb or speed recommended
by the POH/AFM, +10/-5 knots before leaving
ground effect.
6. Maintains takeoff power to a safe
maneuvering altitude.
7. Maintains directional control and proper
wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and
climb.
F. TASK: ROUGH WATER APPROACH
AND LANDING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to rough water approach and landing.
2. Adequately surveys the intended landing
area.
3. Considers the wind conditions, water, depth,
hazards, surrounding terrain, and other
watercraft.
4. Selects the most suitable approach path, and
touchdown area.
5. Establishes the recommended approach and
landing configuration (water rudders down) and
airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as
required.
6. Maintains a stabilized approach and the
recommended approach airspeed, +10/-5 knots
with wind gust factor applied.
7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct power
and control application during the roundout and
touch down.
8. Contacts the water in the proper pitch
attitude, and at the proper airspeed, considering
the type of rough water.
9. Maintains directional control throughout the
approach and landing sequence.
G. TASK: STEEP APPROACH TO A
LANDING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to a steep approach to a landing.
2. Adequately surveys the intended landing
area.
3. Considers the wind conditions, landing
surface and obstructions, and selects a suitable
touchdown point.
4. Demonstrates effective use of controls at the
point from which a landing can be made using
steep approach techniques.
5. Establishes a ground track aligned with the
runway centerline and an airspeed, which results
in minimum float during the roundout.
6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control
application during the recovery from the
maneuvers, the roundout, and the touchdown.
7. Contacts the water at the proper pitch
attitude.
8. Touches down smoothly at appropriate
airspeed.
9. Touches down smoothly at an appropriate
speed, at or within 400 feet beyond a specified
point, with no side drift, and with the weight
shift aircraft’s ground track aligned with and
over the runway centerline.
10. Maintains directional control throughout the
approach and landing.
H. TASK: GO-AROUND/REJECTED
LANDING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to a go-around/rejected landing.
2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the
approach to landing.
3. Applies takeoff power immediately and
transitions to climb pitch attitude for best climb
and maintains appropriate climb or speed
recommended by the POH/AFM +10/-5 knots.
4. Maneuvers to the side of the runway/landing
area to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.
5. Maintains takeoff power to a safe
maneuvering altitude.
6. Maintains directional control and proper
wind-drift correction throughout the climb.
V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
A. TASK: STEEP TURNS
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to steep turns.
2. Establishes the manufacturers recommended
airspeed.
3. Rolls into a 360° turn; maintains a 45° bank.
4. Performs the task in opposite direction, as
specified by the examiner.
5. Divides attention between aircraft control
and orientation.
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6. Maintains the entry altitude ±100 feet,
airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±10°, and rolls out on
the entry heading ±10°.
VI. GROUND REFERENCE
MANEUVERS
A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to a rectangular course.
2. Selects a suitable reference area.
3. Plans the maneuver so as to not descend
below 400 feet above the ground at an
appropriate distance from the selected reference
area, 45° to the downwind leg.
4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction
during straight-and-turning flight to maintain a
constant ground track around the rectangular
reference area.
5. Divides attention between aircraft control
and the ground track.
6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains
airspeed, ±10 knots.
B. TASK: S-TURNS
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to S-turns.
2. Selects a suitable ground reference line.
3. Plans the maneuver so as to not descend
below 400 feet above the ground perpendicular
to the selected reference line.
4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to
track a constant radius turn on each side of the
selected reference line.
5. Reverses the direction of turn directly over
the selected reference line.
6. Divides attention between aircraft control
and the ground track.
7. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains
airspeed, ±10 knots.
C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to turns around a point.
2. Selects a suitable ground reference point.
3. Plans the maneuver so as to not descend
below 400 feet above the ground, at an
appropriate distance from the reference point.
4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to
track a constant radius turn around the selected
reference point.
5. Divides attention between aircraft control
and the ground track.
6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains
airspeed, ±10 knots.
VII. NAVIGATION
A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD
RECKONING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to pilotage and dead reckoning, as appropriate.
2. Follows the preplanned course by reference
to landmarks.
3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface
features to chart symbols.
4. Verifies the aircraft’s position with 3
nautical miles of the flight-planned route.
5. Determines there is sufficient fuel to
complete the planned flight, if not, has an
alternate plan.
6. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet
and headings, ±15°.
B. TASK: DIVERSION
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to diversion.
2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport or
landing area and route.
3. Determines there is sufficient fuel to fly to
the alternate airport or landing area.
4. Turns to and establishes a course to the
selected alternate destination.
5. Maintains the appropriate altitude,
+200 feet
and headings,
+ 15.
C. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to lost procedures.
2. Selects an appropriate course of action.
3. Maintains an appropriate heading and
climbs if necessary.
4. Identifies prominent landmarks.
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5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and or
contacts an ATC facility for assistance, as
appropriate.
VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS
A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING
SLOW FLIGHT
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to maneuvering during slow flight.
2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the
task to be completed no lower than 1,000 feet
AGL.
3. Establishes and maintains a minimum flying
airspeed.
4. Accomplishes straight-and-level flight,
turns, climbs, and descents specified by the
examiner.
5. Divides attention between weight shift
control aircraft control and orientation.
6. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet;
specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/−5 knots
and specified angle of bank, ±10°.
B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALL
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to power-off stalls.
2. Selects an entry altitude that allows the task
to be completed no lower than 1,000 feet AGL.
3. Establishes a stabilized descent in the
approach or landing configuration, as specified
by the examiner. Transitions smoothly from the
approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude
that will induce a stall.
4. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, in
straight flight; maintains a specified angle of
bank not to exceed 20°, ±10°; in turning flight,
while inducing the stall.
5. Recognizes and recovers promptly after the
stall occurs by simultaneously reducing the
angle of attack, increasing power to maximum
allowable, and leveling the wing to return to a
straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum
loss of altitude appropriate for the weight shift
control aircraft.
6. Accelerates to normal speed; returns to the
altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the
examiner.
C. TASK: WHIP STALL AND TUMBLE
AWARENESS
Objective. To determine that the applicant
exhibits knowledge of the elements related to
whip stall and tumble awareness by explaining:
1. Elements related to whip stalls and tumbles.
2. Flight situations where unintentional whip
stalls and tumbles may occur.
3. The techniques used to avoid whipstalls and
tumbles.
4. The likely results of executing a whip stall
or tumble.
IX. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND
LANDING (SIMULATED)
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to emergency approach and landing procedures,
including energy management.
2. Establishes and maintains the recommended
best glide and airspeed, ±10 knots.
3. Selects a suitable landing area.
4. Plans and follows a flight pattern to the
selected landing area considering altitude, wind,
terrain, and obstructions.
5. Prepares for landing, or go-around, as
specified by the examiner.
B. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
MALFUNCTIONS
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to system and equipment malfunctions
appropriate to the weight shift control aircraft
provided for the practical test.
2. Analyzes the situation and takes appropriate
action for simulated emergencies appropriate to
the weight shift control aircraft—
a. partial or complete power loss.
b. engine roughness or overheat.
c. carburetor or induction icing.
d. loss of oil pressure.
e. fuel starvation.
f. electrical malfunction.
g. flight instruments malfunction.
h. pitot/static.
i. landing gear malfunction.
j. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.
k. inadvertent prop strike.
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7. Completes the appropriate checklist.
l. Ballistic recovery system if applicable.
m. any other emergency appropriate to the
weight shift aircraft.
B. TASK: ANCHORING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
3. Follows the appropriate procedure.
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to anchoring.
C. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
AND SURVIVAL GEAR
2. Selects a suitable area for anchoring,
considering seaplane movement, water depth,
tide, wind, and weather changes.
Objective. To determine that the applicant
exhibits knowledge of the elements related to
emergency equipment appropriate to the
following environmental conditions:
3. Uses an adequate number of anchors and
lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure
the seaplane's security.
1. mountainous terrain.
2. large bodies of water.
C. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING
3. desert conditions.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
4. extreme temperature changes.
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to docking and mooring.
X. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES
2. Approaches the dock or mooring buoy in the
proper direction considering speed hazards,
wind, and water current.
A. TASK: AFTER LANDING, PARKING,
AND SECURING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
3. Ensures seaplane security.
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to after landing, parking and securing
procedures.
D. TASK: RAMPING/BEACHING
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related
to ramping/beaching.
2. Maintains directional control after
touchdown while decelerating to an appropriate
speed.
2. Approaches the ramp/beach considering
persons and property, in the proper attitude and
direction, at a safe speed, considering water
depth, tide, current and wind.
3. Ramps/beaches and secures the seaplane in a
manner that will protect it from the harmful
effect of wind, waves, and changes in water
level.
3. Observes runway hold lines and other
surface control markings and lighting.
4. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the
safety of nearby persons and property.
5. Follows the appropriate procedure for
engine shutdown.
6. Conducts an appropriate postflight
inspection and secures the aircraft wing while
exiting the aircraft, and properly securing the
aircraft in high wind conditions.
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RECOMMENDED WEIGHT-SHIFT
ULTRALIGHT PILOT WRITTEN TEST
1. The final authority as to the operation of an
ultralight is the
A FAA.
B Manufacturer.
C Pilot in-command.
2. Who is responsible for determining if a
vehicle is in condition for safe flight?
A The owner or operator.
B The pilot in command.
C A certified aircraft mechanic.
3. True airspeed is
A the speed of the wind over the ground.
B the speed of the aircraft over the ground.
C the speed of the aircraft through the air.
4. Motion of the air affects the speed with
which weight-shift vehicles move
A over the earth’s surface.
B through the air.
C in a turn.
5. The four forces acting on an aircraft in flight
are
A lift, weight, thrust, and drag.
B lift, weight, gravity, and thrust.
C lift, gravity, power, and friction.
6. When are the four forces acting on an
aircraft in equilibrium?
A During unaccelerated flight.
B When the aircraft is accelerating.
C When the aircraft is at rest on the
ground.
7. The purpose of the fuel tank vent system is
to
A remove dangerous vapors from the tank
and prevent explosion.
B allow air to enter the tank as fuel is
consumed.
C ensure a proper fuel to air ratio.
8. The fuel vent on many weight-shift aircraft
is located
A in the fuel cap.
B adjacent to the crankcase breather.
C in the fuel tank pressure relief valve.
9. During flight, advancing thrust will
A increase airspeed.
B cause the powered parachute to climb.
C cause the powered parachute to climb
and increase airspeed.
10. One of the functions of the wing’s crosstube
is to
A hold the wings open.
B provide surface to grip and control the
aircraft.
C provide an attachment point for the
carriage.
11. A powered ultralight must give right of way
to
A all other aircraft.
B unpowered vehicles.
C all of the above.
12. What effect, if any, does high humidity
have on ultralight vehicle performance?
A It increases performance.
B It decreases performance.
C It has no effect on performance.
13. What is the one common factor which
affects most preventable accidents?
A Structural failure.
B Mechanical malfunction.
C Human error.
14. A Flight Service weather briefing can be
obtained any place in the U.S. by
A calling 1-800-WXBRIEF.
B calling the local FAA office.
C checking the local news stations.
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15. Which aircraft component ensures the wing
has a pitch-up tendency?
A Keel pocket.
B Luff lines.
C Washout rod.
16. As a weight-shift aircraft wing approaches
a stall, the wing tips
A decrease the wing’s angle of attack.
B act in much the same way as ailerons on
a three-axis aircraft.
C increase the wing’s angle of attack.
17. During a wing stall, the wing tips of a
weight-shift aircraft are
A ineffective for stall recovery.
B effective for stall recovery.
C effective only when combined with
maximum engine output.
18. The crosstube is positioned by
A a quick release pin.
B self-locking bolts.
C restraining cables attached to the rear of
the keel.
19. On some trikes, the hang point is part of
A a variable trim arrangement that allows
the pilot to adjust the aircraft center of
gravity during flight to obtain the most
favorable aircraft performance.
B an adjustable trim arrangement that
allows the pilot to adjust the aircraft
center of gravity during flight to obtain
the most favorable aircraft performance.
C an adjustable trim arrangement that
allows the center of gravity to shift fore
and aft along the wing’s feel.
20. What is absolute altitude?
A The altitude read directly from the
altimeter.
B The vertical distance of the aircraft
above the surface (AGL).
C The height above the standard datum
plane.
21. What is true altitude?
A The vertical distance of the aircraft
above sea level (MSL).
B The vertical distance of the aircraft
above the surface.
C The height above the standard datum
plane.
22. Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS) must
A inform pilots of fuel prices.
B be complied with by ultralight pilots.
C inform aircraft owners of ultralight
vehicle safety directives.
23. The keel pocket’s purpose is to
A act as a longitudinal stabilizer, keeping
the wing from wandering left and right.
B act as a roll stabilizer, keeping the wing
from wandering left and right.
C act as a yaw stabilizer, keeping the wing
from wandering left or right.
24. Excessively high engine temperatures will
A cause damage to heat conducting hoses
and to the cooling fins.
B cause loss of power and possible
permanent internal engine damage.
C not affect an aircraft engine.
25. Adding more oil to the fuel than specified
by the manufacturer of a 2-cycle engine will
result in
A increased engine performance.
B increased carbon buildup and engine
fouling.
C increased engine lubrication and optimal
performance.
26. One purpose of the dual ignition system on
an ultralight engine is to provide for
A improved engine reliability.
B uniform heat distribution.
C balanced cylinder head pressure.
27. Which condition is most favorable to the
development of carburetor icing?
A Any temperature below freezing and a
relative humidity of less than 50%.
B Temperature between 32 and 50 degrees
F and a low humidity.
C Temperature between 20 and 70 degrees
F and high humidity.
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28. The possibility of carburetor icing exists
even when the ambient air temperature is as
A high as 70 degrees F and the relative
humidity is high.
B high as 95 degrees F and there is visible
moisture.
C low as 0 degrees F and the relative
humidity is high.
29. If the grade of fuel used in an aircraft
engine is lower than specified for the engine, it
will most likely cause
A a mixture of fuel and air that is not
uniform in all cylinders.
B lower cylinder head temperatures.
C detonation.
30. The uncontrolled firing of the fuel/air
charge in advance of normal spark ignition is
known as
A combustion.
B pre-ignition.
C detonation.
31. Filling the fuel tanks after the last flight of
the day is considered good operating procedure
because this will
A force any existing water to the top of the
tank and away from the fuel lines.
B prevent expansion of the fuel by
eliminating airspace in the tanks.
C prevent moisture condensation by
eliminating airspace in the tanks.
32. Every physical process of weather is
accompanied by, or is the result of, a
A movement of air.
B pressure differential.
C heat exchange.
33. What should be the first action after starting
an aircraft engine?
A Adjust for proper RPM and check for
desired indications on the engine
gauges.
B Place the ignition switch momentarily in
the OFF position to check grounding.
C Test the brakes.
34. Flight over congested areas by ultralight
vehicles is only allowed if
A written waiver is obtained from FAA.
B great care is exercised.
C it is between the hours of 0800 and
1100.
35. The numbers 9 and 27 on a runway indicate
that the runway is oriented approximately
A 009 degrees and 027 degrees true.
B 090 degrees and 270 degrees true.
C 090 degrees and 270 degrees magnetic.
36. If an airport's rotating beacon is operating
during daylight hours it indicates
A there are obstructions on the airport.
B the weather is below basic VFR weather
minimums.
C the Air Traffic Control tower is not in
operation.
37. Which is the correct traffic pattern
departure procedure to use at a non-towered
airport?
A Depart in any direction after crossing
the airport boundary.
B Make all turns to the left.
C Comply with any FAA traffic pattern
established for the airport.
38. The wing of a weight-shift aircraft twists so
that the angle of attack
A from the center of the wing to the wing
tip is variable and can be adjusted by the
pilot in flight to optimize performance.
B changes from low angle of attack at the
center of the wing, to a high angle of
attack at the tips.
C changes from a high angle of attack at
the center of the wing, to a low angle of
attack at the tips.
39. How can you determine if another aircraft
is on a collision course with your aircraft?
A The other aircraft will always appear to
get larger and closer at a rapid rate.
B The nose of each aircraft is pointed at
the same point in space.
C There will be no apparent relative
motion between your aircraft and the
other aircraft.
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40. Prior to starting each maneuver, pilots
should
A check altitude, airspeed, and heading
indications.
B visually scan the entire area for collision
avoidance.
C announce their intentions on the nearest
CTAF.
41. The responsibility for collision avoidance
rests with
A the other pilot.
B the controlling agency.
C all pilots.
42. A blue segmented circle on a Sectional
Chart depicts which class airspace?
A Class D.
B Class E.
C Class C.
43. Unless otherwise authorized, two-way radio
communications with ATC are required for
landings or takeoffs
A at all tower controlled airports
regardless of weather conditions.
B at all tower controlled airports only
when the weather is below VFR .
C only at Class D airports when the
weather is below VFR.
44. An ATC clearance provides
A priority over all other traffic.
B adequate separation from all other
traffic.
C authorization to proceed under specified
traffic conditions in controlled airspace.
45. A typical 2-cycle engine ignition coil is
powered by
A a battery.
B a battery or alternator.
C a magneto.
46. A 2-cycle engine thrust and fuel efficiency
can be greatly compromised when
A exhaust systems are installed that are not
specifically tuned for an engine.
B carbon deposits build up on exhaust
valves.
C intake valve lifters fail to pressurize and
provide adequate fuel to the combustion
chamber.
47. What is the maximum allowable empty
weight for a powered ultralight?
A No more than 250 pounds.
B No more than 350 pounds.
C Less than 254 pounds.
48. If an ultralight is equipped with an
anti-collision light visible for 3 nm
A you can fly in Class D airspace.
B you can fly at night.
C you can fly 30 minutes before sunrise
and 30 minutes after sunset.
49. Ultralight vehicles are not allowed operation
in Class D airspace unless
A prior authorization is obtained from the
controlling facility.
B great care is exercised to avoid other
traffic.
C you have strobe lights on your vehicle.
50. Under what conditions can objects be
dropped from an ultralight vehicle?
A Only in an emergency.
B If precautions are taken to avoid injury
or damage to persons or property on the
surface.
C If prior permission is obtained from the
FAA.
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Additional References
Weight-Shift Control Handbook by Eric Johnson, available at www.kemmeriesaviation.com
Trikes – The Flex-Wing Flyers by Lucian Bartosik and Hal McSwain, available at 1-270-881-1369
Hamilton Flight Training Systems by Paul Hamilton, available at www.ap-store.com/ultraining.html
Be a Pilot, Learn to Fly an Ultralight Trike – DVD - by Paul Hamilton, available from EAA, product
number F02171
How to Preflight an Ultralight Weight-Shift Trike – DVD – by Paul Hamilton, available from EAA
How to Setup and Take Down a Trike Wing – DVD – by Paul Hamilton, available from EAA.
A Professional Approach to Ultralights by Carol & Brian Carpenter, available from EAA, product number
F03745
First Flight in your Ultralight video. Available from EAA, product number F10289
Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, published by FAA, item FAA-H-8083-25, available online
www.faa.gov
EAA Ultralights web site, www.eaa.org/ultralights
EAA Ultralight Pilot Logbook. Available from EAA, product number E00385
Experimenter Magazine April 1997, article titled Traveling Light, A Primer on the Transition to the Light
end of Aviation, by Dan Johnson. Available online at: www.eaa.org/ultralights
Amateur-Built Aircraft & Ultralight Flight Testing Handbook, item AC 90-89A, published by
FAA, available online at, www.faa.gov
Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook, item FAA-H-8083-5, published by FAA, available
online www.faa.gov
Pilot Written Test Answers
1. C 9. B 17. B 25. B 33. A 41. C 49. A
2. B 10. A 18. C 26. A 34. A 42. A 50. B
3. C 11. C 19. C 27. C 35. C 43. A
4. A 12. B 20. B 28. A 36. B 44. C
5. A 13. C 21. A 29. C 37. C 45. C
6. A 14. A 22. B 30. B 38. C 46. A
7. B 15. B 23. C 31. C 39. C 47. C
8. A 16. A 24. B 32. B 40. B 48. C
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EAA - PO Box 3086 - Oshkosh, WI 54903
EAA Aviation Services - 888-EAA-INFO
www.eaa.org/ultralights
